Medicine in Colonial America Free Essays

Medicine in Colonial America was much different from today, but gave us a lot of insight in the human body’s needs. Due to lack of education, experience, proper tools, and hygiene, many patients died. However, there were also many people who were saved through the medical procedures and lived full and healthy lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicine in Colonial America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Few doctors in Colonial America actually received a formal education through a medical school, because there was really only one school: the Pennsylvania Hospital (Rorke, n. d. ). This program was far too expensive and for some located too far away, thus they could not attend. Furthermore, because of the lack of complete knowledge, these schools would not have provided any more information than one would obtain by learning from another doctor, which in most cases would be a much cheaper education, thus, most doctors learned through apprenticeships. They had to complete a 7 year apprenticeship before being considered a doctor. Of course there were Quacks, or citizens who pretended to have medical knowledge just to make a profit. Moreover, there were female medical practitioners, called midwives. They received no formal education and learned through apprenticeships as well. They birthed children and cared for the ill that could not afford a doctor’s care, or lived too far from a medical facility. When not even a midwife was available to treat a patient, the women of the households were responsible for the family health. Another group that provided medical care was Catholic monks who came over from Europe and brought along their wisdom of operating techniques, healing herbs and essential oils. These monks had a special way of numbing their patients with a plant called henbane. Their patients overcame the operations more quickly while less of them died in contrast to using barbaric operation and healing techniques that many colonial doctors were using. Today, we have many medical schools that are still very expensive and vigorous, but provide a more well-rounded education. Just like the doctors of Colonial America, doctors today undergo a sort of required apprenticeship after medical school, called a residency, which, for a surgeon ranges from five to eight years, depending on their specialty. Midwives are still available, but usually take care of pregnancies. Today, midwives must go through special training to become either a CNM- certified nurse midwife, or a CM- certified midwife. There have been great advances in medical procedures since the late 1700’s. For example, according to Rorke (n. d. ) to amputate a limb, doctors in colonial times would first numb the patients’ pain by intoxicating them with brandy or rum and have them bite on a wooden stick. Then, the medical team would hold them down on the table, while the doctor tied a leather tourniquet around the patients’ limb. The surgeon would start to cut through the flesh with his amputation knife and then saw through the bone itself using an amputation saw. Subsequently, the bone shavings were removed by pouring whiskey or just plain water over the wound. Conversely, the remaining limb was burned with a hot iron to close the blood vessels and veins. They could then wrap the stump with pure cotton bandages and let it heal. Only approximately 35% of patients survived this procedure! The procedure itself sounds cruel, but the patients’ lives might have been at risk if it had not taken place, such as the rotting of the flesh, or blood poisoning, caused by an accident, or being shot with a bullet or poisoned arrow. Another example would be dentistry. Most colonists had awful teeth, because they did not have toothbrushes and toothpaste. Thus, teeth needed to be pulled. Because there are no anesthetics, having your teeth pulled was a very painful process. The dentist would hold the patient down on a chair and yank the tooth out using a pair of everyday pliers. Once again, there were many quacks in this field that would pull good teeth from patients and sell them to people who wanted real-tooth dentures. Moreover, in 2009, archeological teams found human remains where someone, presumably a doctor, had drilled three holes into the skull. This may have been done to relieve the skull of pressure caused by a blow to the head. Archeologists believe that this could have been the first attempt at brain surgery and may have planted the seed for today’s brain surgery procedures (CBSnews. com, 11 Feb. 2009). Hermann Boerhaave’s theory of wellbeing was that a person has four humors: bile, phlegm, blood and urine. If these humors were imbalanced, a person would become ill. To make him or her feel better, you must balance the humors (Brinkley, 2004). According to Rorke, â€Å"one must sweeten acids, purify the stomach, and rid impurities by bleeding and purging† or by using leeches to increase blood production, to balance these again. Most doctors actually let patients bleed out, because their â€Å"humors† were not balanced, whereas midwives prescribed laxatives to remove bile. Furthermore, Boerhaave believed that a â€Å"fever was the body’s attempt to keep from dying,† even though we now know that it is actually the body’s response to killing whatever is making the body sick. Although this sounds absurd when considering our knowledge with today’s medicine, many doctors and midwives used this theory to aid the ill and actually succeeded in some cases. Hygiene was the one major contribution to nosocomial, or hospital obtained, infections. Because doctors in the colonial times did not know about bacteria, viruses, and contagious diseases, they did not clean the equipment or even their hands. Today, doctors and surgical staffs take extra care to clean everything. Surgeons take an average of five minutes to wash, scrub, and sanitize hands, whereas surgeons in colonial times took an average of zero seconds. Doctors would not even wash their hands when rotating between patients. As discussed in class, doctors would go from a person with a severe flu to a woman giving birth without washing their hands. This could not only sicken the woman, but also make the child ill. The death rate of women suffering from Puerperal fever was extremely high. This fever is caused by a bacterial infection from unsterile equipment and conditions during childbirth, and the woman’s body not being able to rid the toxins from childbirth fast enough. This could ultimately lead to death. One cannot stress the importance of hand washing and personal hygiene enough! Obviously, or at least it is obvious today, one must clean any equipment that touched a person, even if it’s just a stethoscope. Disease could spread from such an object to another person causing them to become ill as well. Scalpels, saws, drills, anything that goes into a person, must be sanitized. Today, hospitals heat the instruments so that almost all of the bacteria die, and then they soak them in an antibacterial solution to ensure there are no harmful things on them. Furthermore, some hospitals send the tools to be sanitized to a company that sanitizes them for the hospital. This cuts back on hours cleaning and provides security that the equipment is safe and clean, resulting in happy patients and staff. I believe today’s health care is mostly based around customer service. You want to make sure the patient is happy, healthy, and satisfied with your performance. The patient even has a choice to live or die by signing a DNR- do not resuscitate- form. In colonial America, however, the doctor really did not care if you enjoyed their service or not, they were trying to help you in the long run. Doctors also had more freedom to refuse treatment than they do today. In some ways I would like our health care to be like that of colonial America in regards to customer service, because there are so many people going to the emergency room who have a mild cold and hold up the patients who are in critical condition and really need to be seen as soon as possible. I am indifferent to DNR’s. I believe a person must be in critical condition, such as terminal cancer, to be eligible to sign this form. As previously mentioned, medicine has evolved tremendously between colonial America and now. It is still ever-changing, because we find a cure to diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. Doctors can achieve great things, but only with the help of education, experience, sterile tools, and personal hygiene. How to cite Medicine in Colonial America, Papers

Audit and Assurance in Australia for G Medcraft-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAudit and Assurance in Australia for G Medcraft.v Answer: Introduction: Around two eras before corporate governance was comparatively unidentified topic. The matter originated during the late 80s and in the initial 90 when the corporate governance sector in most the nations was bounded by difficulties of dubious unethical practices. The failure of One Tel, Adelaide Seamanship, and Satyam exposed the auditing gaps that led to the collapse of these companies. Several failures gave rise to the reformation procedure and introduction of public accounting reformation. The objective of this report is to assess the ethical behaviour of auditors and management. The report will be analysing the collapse of Satyam and highlight the management and audit failures. Statement by G Medcraft: Mr. G. Medcraft is regarded as the former chairman of the Australian Securities and Exchange Comission and is concerned regarding the roles and responsibilities of the auditors while performing the work of audit (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). As evident from the statement of G. Medcraft it warns the Australian accounting authority regarding the roles and accountabilities of auditors. The statement made by G. Medcraft highlights his concern associated to auditors dependency and trust on financial information. G. Medcraft stressed on specific auditors roles and responsibilities. The primary responsibility of auditor is to carry out the audit plan and functions to get adequate evidence of financial statement whether those statements are free from any materiality misstatement (De Paula 2016). On observing any materiality misstatement, the auditors are required to comply with the ethical principles surrounding audit to derive unbiased audit opinion. In the article of G. Medcraft, a serious lack of professional conduct and professional scepticism is noted in the roles and responsibilities of auditors. The statement made by G. Medcraft expressed his opinion that Australian auditing companies are required to avoid any major unfolding of auditing scandals such as Enron that tarnishes the audit profession. As evident from the above conversation, of late there has been widespread circumstances where the professional conduct and professional scepticism of auditors have faced questions (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Instances noted suggest that auditors have failed discharge their responsibilities. With the unfolding of major audit fraudulent scandals, there is a lack of trust among the community relating the financial information published by them. Purpose and audit report of Satyam India: Audit forms the important element in business firms and Saytam is no exception to such reports. The audit report forms the opinion of the auditor associated to financial statements of the organization (Kumar and Sharma 2015). This requires an organization to follow a certain set of auditing standards and procedures in the preparation of audit report. In context of Satyam, the primary purpose of audit report was to provide the users of financial information with the necessary information regarding the organization financial performance. There were numerous users of financial report for Satyam that included investors, auditors, customers, lenders, creditors etc. the users made use of the financial report for making different forms of decision (Zeff 2016). The audit report issued by the auditors failed to observe any form of fraud and error and stated that the Satyam financial statements were free from any materiality misstatements. The PWC being the major auditor for Satyam since 2001 also erroneously reported that financial statement of Satyam Computers were prepared by adhering to the required auditing standards and financial reporting regulations. An opinion can be formed on the PWC audit report that, being the sole auditor it failed to carry out the auditing obligations in compliance with the necessary auditing standards. Extent of meeting auditing purposes: The opinion of the auditors entirely represented a different state of affairs for Satyam Computers that was declared in the audit reports. Evidences obtained from the findings truly provides that the auditors of Satyam Computers namely PWC, contributed immensely to present the fraudulent financial statement of the organization (Vasarhelyi, Alles and Kogan 2018). The fraudulent act landed PWC with a fine of $6 million handed by United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Besides this, the US Securities and Exchange Commission along with Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) banned PWC from conducting any audit work since it failed to adhere with the necessary auditing standards and procedure. The auditors of the Satyam computers did not met the auditing principles while performing the audit procedure and ultimately contributed to the decline of the company. The auditors simply overlooked the materiality misstatement in the financial statements that failed to reflect a true and fair view of the financial situation of the business (Wilson 2017). With falsified books of accounts and the existence of insider trading evidently contributed to the decline of Satyam Computers. Evaluation of Satyam Company Management and Auditors ethical behaviour Background: During the year 1987 on 24th June Satyam Computer Service Ltd was incorporated as the private limited company with 20 staffs. The company provided software development and consultancy services to large number of corporations (Samsonova-Taddei and Siddiqui 2016). The company during 1997 was selected by World Economic Forum as one of the most remarkably growing company in India. The company was also ranked 3rd position in respect of corporate governance survey by the Global Institutional investors. Commencement of Problems: The problems in Satyam commenced during December 2008 when the chairman of Satyam publicized a surprise move of $1.6 billion bid for Maytas Infrastructure Ltd and Maytas Properties Ltd. The chairman asserted that he wanted to use the accessible cash for the investors benefit (Shaub and Braun 2014). Thumbs down from the investors and market forced the chairman to withdrawal of bid inside 12 hour span. Satyam share prices fell by 55% relating to the concerns of Satyam corporate governance. The world bank barred Satyam for a period of eight years for giving unsuitable benefits and was also charged with data stealing and corrupting to workforce. The price of share for Satyam also declined by another 14% and was lowest in 4 years (Arens et al. 2016). Finally the chairman of Satyam confessed regarding 7800 crore fraud. A week later the scandalous confession the auditors of Satyam Price Waterhouse lastly confessed that the audit reports provided was incurred and was based on the incorrect monetary report provided by the management of Satyam. Flaws in governance and unethical conduct: In Satyam there was hardly any clear or understood code of ethics that surrounded the business principles of the company (Mohapatra, Graham and Nandialath 2015). Corruption, fraud and exchange of favours both inside and outside of the corporation was the common occurrence. The World Bank was tool late in publicizing the unethical work conduct of Satyam by publicising the data theft charges that was imposed on Satyam and bribing of staff. Following this, Satyam was banded from any trade with World Bank for a period of eight years as the company was charged with giving unfitting benefits to staff. The ethical standards of the company therefore was poor. Evidently, the CEO and the CFO of Satyam were charge for putting forward the self-interest ahead of the interest of the company. The chairpersons were found to be actively selling the large proportion of their shareholdings prior to admitting the scandal of fraud (Narayanaswamy, Raghunandan and Rama 2015). The senior executives of Satyam were found to be behaving in an unethical manner with no instances of moral code of conduct. The behaviour of the top executives provided the evidences of exploitation of corporations funds for private benefit for numerous years. A case of Insider Trading: The investigation reports suggest that the promoters of Satyam computers have engaged themselves in most awful form of insider trading of the Satyams shares to raise cash for creating a large land of bank (Mock, Ragothaman and Srivastava 2018). The funds obtained through shares were employed to purchase lands in the name of the family members with all of the members held equity participation in these companies. The chairperson were held chargeable for using the fund in offloading the shares to purchase their lands. The promoters with the help of inflated books posed a healthy financial situation of the company in the market. During this course of time period the promoters held their purpose to offload their shares on regular breaks. The investigation agencies are puzzled because the deals were struck by the chairman when the market was functioning far below Rs 500. Following the confession of the chairperson the prices of the shares fell to all below of Rs 6.30 (Solieri and Hodowanitz 2016). Even though the chairman of Satyam and chairman of SFIO were separated however discoveries suggest that the chairperson were working together to defraud their stakeholders for the purpose of personal gain. Falsified books of accounts and Fake Accounting: Evidences from the findings suggest that the balance sheet of the Satyam carried on an accrued interest that amounted to 376 crores that did not existed in reality. The false figure of accrued interest was presented in the balance sheet to supress the identification of non-existent fixed deposit based on the inflated profits (Bhasin 2016). Investigations findings suggest that the business had purposely paid the more taxes on account of non-existed accrued interest that constituted considerable amount of loss for company. The company created an untruthful impression regarding the fixed deposits that summed around 3318.37 crore while the company originally held fixed deposits receipts of just 9.96 crore. Negligent board: The lax board system has failed to question the strategy of management and employed leverage in recasting the firm. The board were very slow to react once it was evident that Satyam was in monetary misery (Pai and Tolleson 2015). The lax board overlooked or were unsuccessful to act on the serious info associated to incorrect activities prior to the ultimate collapse of the organization. The aggressive bidding of Maytas companies resulted in strong decline in their share prices and bid as it deteriorated by 55% raising concerns about the companys governance. Though some of the independent director withdrew from the board but by then it was very late. Dubious role of Audit committee: The actual function of audit committee is to make sure that the transparency in the business relating to monetary disclosure and fiscal declarations that provided appropriate, adequate and admirable picture and should be free from fraud and failures (Bhasin 2016). Timely taking of actions by the audit committee for the information supplied by the whistle-blower could have helped in acting as the SOS to Satyam. However, the audit committee chose to maintain silence and did not disclosed the issue to the shareholders and the regulatory bodies. False Audit: PWC was the auditor of the Satyam and was auditing their financial records from the year 2001. The fraudulent role of PWC in Satyams failure raised the question of auditing integrity. Investigation reports suggest that the statutory auditors rather using the mechanism for independent testing employed investigation tools of Satyam and compromised the auditing standards (Solieri and Hodowanitz 2016). The final straw in the deficiencies of statutory auditing standards was in spite of detecting the control shortages in the info system and the risk of disclosure to the scams, PWC elected to maintain silence and did not reported the material fraudulent activities to the shareholders. The global audit head of PWC stated that despite the coverage and the resources of internal audit was not in balance with the business dimensions. PWC simply overlooked the evidences and certified the company (Mock, Ragothaman and Srivastava 2018). The statutory auditors were failure on their part of discharging their roles and duty when the situation of autonomously authenticating the cash and bank balances both in respect of current account and fixed deposits. Conclusion: The fraudulent activities of Satyam has devastated the thoughts of several groups of investors, upset the government and regulators. The scandal raised questions on accounting practices and corporate governance standards. The study evidently puts forward numerous corporate governance problems and audit failures that caused the decline of Satyam. Several such evidences has been noticed in USA, Australia and UK however these nations have strongly reacted to the corporate failures and code of ethics that came to the centre stage. Corporate humiliations and audit failures have triggered reformation in the accounting practices and corporate governance. The primary purpose of the reformation is to gain the investors confidence and preventing the audit frauds by ensuring transparency in disclosure of information. Though the mechanism of corporate governance cannot alone prevent the unethical practices of top management but would help in at least ensuring that such things be detected before it is very late. Reference List: Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Hogan, C.E., 2016.Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. Bhasin, M.L., 2016. Debacle of Satyam Computers Limited: A Case Study of Indias Enron.Wulfenia Journal KLAGENFURT,23(3), pp.124-162. De Paula, F.R.M., 2016.The principles of auditing a practical manual for students and practitioners. Isaac Pitman Sons, Ltd (1919). Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Kumar, R. and Sharma, V., 2015.Auditing: Principles and practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Mock, T.J., Ragothaman, S. and Srivastava, R.P., 2018. Using Evidential Reasoning Technology to Enhance the Audit Quality Assurance Inspection Process.Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting. Mohapatra, P.S., Graham, A. and Nandialath, A., 2015. Did PwC lose reputation post audit failure at Satyam Computer Services? Evidence from the Indian audit market.International Journal of Accounting and Finance,5(1), pp.48-61. Narayanaswamy, R., Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D.V., 2015. Satyam Failure and Changes in Indian Audit Committees.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,30(4), pp.529-540. Pai, K. and Tolleson, T.D., 2015. India's Satyam Scandal: Evidence the Too Large to Indict Mindset of Accounting Regulators Is a Global Phenomenon.Review of Business Finance Studies,6(2), p.35. Samsonova-Taddei, A. and Siddiqui, J., 2016. Regulation and the Promotion of Audit Ethics: Analysis of the Content of the EUs Policy.Journal of business ethics,139(1), pp.183-195. Shaub, M.K. and Braun, R.L., 2014. Call of duty: A framework for auditors ethical decisions. InAccounting for the Public Interest(pp. 3-25). Springer, Dordrecht. Solieri, S.A. and Hodowanitz, J., 2016. Electronic Audit Confirmations: Leveraging Technology to Reduce the Risk of Fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,8(1). Vasarhelyi, M.A., Alles, M.G. and Kogan, A., 2018. Principles of analytic monitoring for continuous assurance. InContinuous Auditing: Theory and Application(pp. 191-217). Emerald Publishing Limited. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Wilson, M.J., 2017. Environmental auditing: Principles and application Zeff, S.A., 2016.Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. Routledge.

Lmx Theory free essay sample

The LMX theory suggests that when subordinates believe in themselves they become empowered to do better at a given task improving production and job performance. LMX theory has shown that leaders who motivate and offer subordinates tools to improve skills and gain confidence will result in employees performing better. In the case of a Tale of Two Coaches, there is strong evidence of the LMX theory in both case studies. Both Coach K and Coach Knight use motivational tactics and training to improve athlete’s abilities and trust. Through drills and practices subordinates gain confidence in there sport and feeds there will to play better by improving there skills and abilities. Both coaches used the tools of discipline, tough love and building relationships with players to gain trust and motivation. These tools are what the LMX theory suggests are part of the key factors to effective leadership. For Coach K, his discipline consisted of drills, skills, practice, analyzing plays and strategies to help his team get to where they needed to be. Coach K went further to motivate and support players by making an effort to understand each player through communication by assisting them to get to where they need to individually and as a team. He did this by building trust through eye contact when he spoke to players. He also expected players to do the same when communicating with each other. Coach K’s personal coaching style of not using a whistle while confronting players built trust, reassurance and confidence among the team members because it displayed a more personal approach.. Coach K is a motivator of tough love; he used fear to motivate players by disciplining players who didn’t show respect for the team, program, school or others. Coach K instilled the importance of building character in his players which plays as a major factor in the LMX theory. Coach Knight also showed evidence of the LMX theory by instilling discipline, rules, tough love, and developing relationship with players and educating player with the will to win. Coach Knight used motivational tactics such as intense drills of push-ups, sprints and rules to build respect, commitment and perseverance. Coach Knight focused on the importance of preparation to win and provided players with the tools necessary to do so through rules, discipline and leading by example. Coach Knight instilled the will to win through a drill that required players to fight for the ball. This simple drill emphasized the will to win through preparation rather than the skill itself. Players gained the drive and confidence to do well and want to do well. Coach Knight used discipline to reinforce his motivational tools by being fair to all and never playing favorites. He disciplined players for performing poorly by threatening to take away scholarships, benching starters or throwing players out of practice if the behavior persisted. He reinforced his leadership style through example by not settling for less than perfect. Coach Knight expected perfection and was never satisfied with just winning but with the mistakes that were made. His idea of a perfect win was a win with no mistakes and he never tolerated less than that. He felt if he did tolerate mistakes then so would his players. His belief and motivation gave players a will to do better and in relation to the LMX theory this kind of leadership with subordinates is what makes an effective leader. In accordance with the LMX theory, neither coach had a division between In-groups and Out-groups. Both coaches showed no distinction between the two as they treated all players equally, disciplining and rewarding everyone the same. In both case studies the coaches expected all subordinates to perform at a level of In-group members leaving no room for Out-group subordinates to develop. All team members were projected to do more than the requirements, in turn each coach also went above and beyond as leaders. There main tools of motivation were through fear, love, trust, discipline and respect. Therefore, although there was strong evidence of the LMX theory in both cases there were also some inconsistencies that could not be applied with the theory. In conclusion, both coaches were great leaders that developed specific traits, styles, power bases and beliefs to being an effective leader. To be a winning leader a person must exhibit certain dominate leadership traits that will draw followers to there style and beliefs. In the two case studies both coaches displayed traits of intelligence and determination, however each had there own specific dominate traits which distinguished there style of leadership. Coach K’s dominate traits were integrity and sociability because he stressed the importance of trust in building relationships with players and he displayed more sensitivity for the needs of players. He demonstrated these traits through his face to face contact, analyzing strategies to understand players, being flexible and allowing players the freedom to be who they are by building relationships through family dinners and get together. Coach Knight demonstrates dominate traits of self-confidence and determination. He established this through his theory of the will to win as he pursued his style of leadership through harsh discipline, drills and expectations. He had the confidence to push the players even if it meant crossing boundaries that society would not approve. He built character through tough love and didn’t care what others thought of his leadership style or practices.

Pop Culture Essays - Fashion, Body Art, Earring, Body Piercing

Pop Culture Pop Culture For thousands of years, men and women around the world have gone to redundant lengths to change their natural appearance of their bodies in an attempt to make themselves feel more attractive, to get attention, to conform to new customs of their particular cultural group, to attract a mate or sex partner, to show of their wealth or social status, or to just make an outgoing statement about themselves. Is body art really a pop culture? Our dissatisfaction with the human body and its covering is expressed in endless change. This results in the desire and adoption of a trend, these trends are shown through ways such as piercing, body painting, and tattoos, Body piercing has grown in popularity over the past five years especially among American teenagers who pierce just about anything that can be pierced: ears, noses, tongues, and navels. The most conventional form of piercing in the United States today is ear piercing, and it has become more mainstream for both sexes than it once was. Ear piercing can range from single hole in one or both ears to holes along the entire rim of the ear, but why has piercing become so popular? Given the name as Generation X youth today are known for being unable to follow a Normal Persons life and so express, and exaggerate their body until they feel comfortable, but being comfortable has become a bizarre competition, to see who can stretch their ear lobes the longest, or who has the most earrings too who has the craziest piercing, thus creating a mass trend in body piercing throught the worlds youth. Ear piercing struck America during the punk era, as a way of rebelling against parental figures and their ideas of good kids. And now during the 90s ear piercing has yet again became a popular culture, due to the influence of show business and their perspectives of beauty. Tattooing is probably the most popular form of body art in America today. The reason behind tattoos in society is to exaggerate the human body e.g. Intricate tribal armbands attract attention to mens biceps, and simple small designs attract attention to various parts of the female body especially on the lower part of the back and around the navel. The designs can be small and discreet or large and obvious. Many people prefer discreet designs that can be concealed for certain occasions. The reason for tattoos becoming such a pop culture is due largely to Hollywood films and TV celebrities. The professional wrestlers of the WWF (World Wrestling Federation) have not only become coarse, they have become body art fashion statements for our youth. Tattooed armbands, and Chinese lettering are seen so commonly that one would think that they are birthmarks. Although tattoos have become todays pop culture, tattooing has actually been practiced since the time of the ancient Egyptians. H.G Wells stated, In all ages, far back into prehistory, we find human beings have painted and adorned themselves In some cultures tattoos are considered a sign of maturity, or nobility. In the American culture tattoos are a sign of individualism and fashion. When most people think of body painting, the image that come to mind is more likely that of a Massai worrier. Yet we all paint our bodies for reasons of identification, ritual or beauty. Pop culture comes into body painting when we talk about cosmetics. A daily ritual for most women, consisting of early morning applying, afternoon touch ups and nighttime removal has become a necessity and addiction for most women today. Wearing cosmetics is undoubtedly the most prevalent type of body painting in the world. Its a multi-billion dollar industry, with an increasing male market as well. On the top level, makeup is used to cover up zits, scars or pimples. But on a deeper level, there are other reasons for using makeup. Some would argue makeup mania in American society is a product of the media, and that American men, women, and children are constantly presented with attractive images of models, movie stars, and musicians and desperately want to imitate the way they look. Taking in all the evidence past and present on body art, from an anthropological view point what

Free Essays on Thought Paper

Do Genetics, Society, Family Upbringing or We Ourselves Determine Who We Are? Genetics are responsible for a range of things from how we look to the amount of time we will spend on this earth, but they do not determine who we are. Our society plays a role in who we grow up to be because we are highly conditioned by it. Our family upbringing will give us the values and character that will make up who we are. Finally there is ourselves, which is the final product of all of these factors. Since each of these factors play a key role in how we turn out, each decision that we make is not really our own but rather it’s the best decision we can make based on society and our upbringings. Genetics are the blue prints for our physical body. They determine what color hair we will have, the color of our eyes and even what diseases we may acquire later on in life. I do believe that genetics determine our brain capacity, which may gear us toward certain personality traits, but they will not determine who we are. As opposed to genetics, our society plays a huge role in who we are. From the time we can process what we take in from society we are being shaped and conditioned into what society wants us to be. The media portray one or a few sides of the society we live in. These portrayals are taken in by the viewer and either assimilated into themselves or discarded (but not without its influence). Society affects who we find attractive. In the early part of the 20th century for an example, full figured women were seen as very attractive. As time has passed society has now put a monumental emphasis on women being skinny. This is an example of the fact that as society changes so do our views opinions and perceptions. Other things conditioned or effected by our society are who we trust, what we where, what we eat, and even our hobbies. We are conditioned by society to conform and surrender to the role that it wants us to play. The remarkable thing ... Free Essays on Thought Paper Free Essays on Thought Paper Do Genetics, Society, Family Upbringing or We Ourselves Determine Who We Are? Genetics are responsible for a range of things from how we look to the amount of time we will spend on this earth, but they do not determine who we are. Our society plays a role in who we grow up to be because we are highly conditioned by it. Our family upbringing will give us the values and character that will make up who we are. Finally there is ourselves, which is the final product of all of these factors. Since each of these factors play a key role in how we turn out, each decision that we make is not really our own but rather it’s the best decision we can make based on society and our upbringings. Genetics are the blue prints for our physical body. They determine what color hair we will have, the color of our eyes and even what diseases we may acquire later on in life. I do believe that genetics determine our brain capacity, which may gear us toward certain personality traits, but they will not determine who we are. As opposed to genetics, our society plays a huge role in who we are. From the time we can process what we take in from society we are being shaped and conditioned into what society wants us to be. The media portray one or a few sides of the society we live in. These portrayals are taken in by the viewer and either assimilated into themselves or discarded (but not without its influence). Society affects who we find attractive. In the early part of the 20th century for an example, full figured women were seen as very attractive. As time has passed society has now put a monumental emphasis on women being skinny. This is an example of the fact that as society changes so do our views opinions and perceptions. Other things conditioned or effected by our society are who we trust, what we where, what we eat, and even our hobbies. We are conditioned by society to conform and surrender to the role that it wants us to play. The remarkable thing ...

Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Marketing - Essay Example The web sites chosen are the online book stores of firstandecond.com, amazon.com, barnesandnoble.com, and oxfordbookstore.com. These web sites have been chosen as to provide a wider perspective of online stores, since it incorporates the pioneer and the leader of online book stores amazon.com, a large publishing house in Barnes and Noble, a medium online retailer in Oxford Books, and a small book reseller in firstandsecond.com. The diversification of product range in the website of Amazon.com is wide, so that the website no longer resembles an online book seller, but an online store that caters to books, entertainment products and a range of other products. In a similar manner there is product diversification with Barnes and Noble into entertainment products. On the other hand there is no product diversification with Oxford Books and firstandsecond.com. Due to the product diversification in with Amazon.com and Barnes and Noble, there is more clustering in the main page of the website, and so the design of the website Oxford Books or firstansdsecond.com for product display is more suitable for the web site to be developed. In both these sites the central section of the first page carries product promotion message and below that are clear images of the products on offer, with a peel in facility for more details on the products, which includes the price. This enables a customer to get more information on the range of products available before exercising a buy option. On the left are options that enable a customer to gain more insight into the company, its history and policies and the like. On the right side of the first page are promotion information like promotional offers on products, new arrivals and specific topics on which books are available. In all these web sites the option for multiple purchases exists and so there is a shopping cart to which the products chosen can be added and the list of

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Case Study Example It commanded 7.6% of the market. Secondly, according to the case, Eskimo pie had at least one of its products in 98% of the grocery stores located across the United States. As such, this has considerable implications in determining the worth of Eskimo pie. Therefore, Eskimo’s market presence and market share across the United States commands a better higher price than what is estimated by Goldman. Having a larger market share and presence in any industry gives the company an edge over its competitors. Therefore, it should deserve and attract a higher premium than what was offered by Goldman and Nestle. Past performance is vital when estimating the value of Eskimo pie. Since 1987, the company’s net sales increased by over 50 % ((17198-30769) Ã · 30, 769). Subsequently, profits of the company increased by over 1300% over the same period ((2526-171) Ã ·171). This is according to the data depicted in Exhibit 1. There are many reasons a company might want to acquire another company. The primary reason nestle wanted to acquire Eskimo Pie was to possess and establish a stronger and robust position or presence in the frozen novelty market. According to the case, nestle owns drumsticks. I can take this to mean that maybe nestle owns other frozen novelties, but the case does not specify or mention any. By purchasing Eskimo pie, nestle would be a frontrunner in the industry by having a larger presence. There are potential synergies to be gained from acquiring Eskimo pie. This is because of the involvement of nestle in the frozen novelties too. In my opinion, Eskimo is worth more to nestle as an acquisition than as a stand-alone company. This is due to the following reasons. Most of the workforce and management of Eskimo pie would not be needed in order to avoid duplication of duties. Since the products of Eskimo and nestle target and go to the same market, the distribution costs of nestle would b e nearly eliminated. Additionally, the marketing expenditure will drop. I